{"id":346,"date":"2016-01-16T04:40:13","date_gmt":"2016-01-16T04:40:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sandrasanchez.blog.epn.edu.ec\/?p=346"},"modified":"2016-05-16T04:58:38","modified_gmt":"2016-05-16T04:58:38","slug":"publication-how-could-moocs-become-accessible-the-case-of-edx-and-the-future-of-inclusive-online-learning","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/sandrasanchez.blog.epn.edu.ec\/?p=346","title":{"rendered":"Publication: How Could MOOCs Become Accessible? The Case of edX and the Future of Inclusive Online Learning"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Appears in: <a title=\"http:\/\/www.jucs.org\/\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jucs.org\/\">Journal of Universal Computer Science J.UCS<\/a><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Pages:<\/strong>\u00a055-81<br \/>\n<strong>Publication year:\u00a0<\/strong>2016<br \/>\n<strong>ISBN:\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a00948-695X.<\/p>\n<p><strong>ISSN online:<\/strong> 0948-6968<\/p>\n<p><strong>Special Issue:\u00a0<\/strong><em>Future Trends in Computing Technology in Education<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Date: <\/strong>January 2016<\/p>\n<h4>Cite<\/h4>\n<p>Sandra Sanchez-Gordon, Sergio Luj\u00e1n-Mora .\u00a0How Could MOOCs Become Accessible? The Case of edX and the Future of Inclusive Online Learning. In\u00a0<em>Journal of Universal Computer Science (J.UCS)<\/em>, 22(1), p. 55-81. January 2016. ISSN 0948-695X. ISSN online: 0948-6968.<\/p>\n<h4>Abstract<\/h4>\n<p>Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have great potential to provide learning opportunities for people around the world. However, to reach their full potential, MOOCs need to meet the accessibility needs of diverse learners, with and without disabilities. In the literature review, we have found some published research on accessibility evaluations of MOOCs content and platforms, but we have not found published research on how to design existing and future MOOC platforms to assist authors in producing accessible content. The main purpose of this research is to contribute to the discussion about the future of inclusive online learning, by proposing a software design to incorporate features in MOOC platforms to enable, support and guide authors toward conceptualizing, designing, building and testing accessible MOOCs. We also present the results of an evaluation of the accessibility issues of Studio, the edX course-authoring software, based on ATAG 2.0.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Keywords<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>ATAG, MOOC, Massive Open Online Courses, UAAG, WCAG, WCAG-EM, WGAC2ICT, accessibility, accessibility conformance evaluation, disabilities, edX, mobile learning, online learning<\/p>\n<h4>Acknowledgements<\/h4>\n<p>This work is partially funded by the Prometheus project of the National Secretary of Higher Education, Science and Technology (SENESCYT), Government of Ecuador.<\/p>\n<h4>References<\/h4>\n<p align=\"left\">[Alamri et al., 14] Alamri, A., Muhammad, G., Al Elaiwi, A., Al-Mutib, K., Hossain, M.: \u201cMedia Content Adaptation Framework for Technology Enhanced Mobile e-Learning\u201d. Journal of Universal Computer Science, 20(15), 2016-2023. 2014.<\/p>\n<p>[Alexander, 08] Alexander, B.: Connectivism course draws night, or behold the MOOC. 2008.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/infocult.typepad.com\/infocult\/2008\/07\/connectivism-course-draws-night-or-behold-the-mooc.html\" href=\"http:\/\/infocult.typepad.com\/infocult\/2008\/07\/connectivism-course-draws-night-or-behold-the-mooc.html\">http:\/\/infocult.typepad.com\/infocult\/2008\/07\/connectivism-course-draws-night-or-behold-the-mooc.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Al-Mouh et al., 14] Al-Mouh, N., Al-Khalifa, A., Al-Khalifa, H.: \u201cA first look into MOOCs accessibility\u201d.\u00a0In Proc. International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs, 145-152. Springer International Publishing. 2014.<\/p>\n<p>[AG, 10] Australian Government: \u201cWeb Accessibility National Transition Strategy\u201d. 2010.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www.finance.gov.au\/publications\/wcag-2-implementation\/docs\/wcag-transition-strategy.pdf\" href=\"http:\/\/www.finance.gov.au\/publications\/wcag-2-implementation\/docs\/wcag-transition-strategy.pdf\">http:\/\/www.finance.gov.au\/publications\/wcag-2-implementation\/docs\/wcag-transition-strategy.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Agarwal, 13] Agarwal, A.: \u201cOnline universities: It is time for teachers to join the revolution\u201d. The Guardian. 2013.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/education\/2013\/jun\/15\/university-education-online-mooc\" href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/education\/2013\/jun\/15\/university-education-online-mooc\">http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/education\/2013\/jun\/15\/university-education-online-mooc<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Bohnsack and Puhl, 14] Bohnsack, M., Puhl, S.: \u201cAccessibility of MOOCs\u201d. In Proc. International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs, 141-144. Springer International Publishing. 2014.<\/p>\n<p>[Cairneagle Associates, 14] Cairneagle Associates: \u201cMOOCs: opportunities for their use in compulsory-age education\u201d. 2014.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/moocs-opportunities-for-their-use-in-compulsory-age-education\" href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/moocs-opportunities-for-their-use-in-compulsory-age-education\">https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/moocs-opportunities-for-their-use-in-compulsory-age-education<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Calle-Jimenez et al., 14] Calle-Jimenez, T., Sanchez-Gordon, S., Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S.: \u201cWeb accessibility evaluation of massive open online courses on geographical information systems\u201d. In Proc. IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference, 680-686. 2014.<\/p>\n<p>[Cormier, 08] Cormier, D.: \u201cThe CCK08 MOOC \u2013 connectivism course, 1\/4 way\u201d. 2008.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/davecormier.com\/edblog\/2008\/10\/02\/the-cck08-mooc-connectivism-course-14-way\/\" href=\"http:\/\/davecormier.com\/edblog\/2008\/10\/02\/the-cck08-mooc-connectivism-course-14-way\/\">http:\/\/davecormier.com\/edblog\/2008\/10\/02\/the-cck08-mooc-connectivism-course-14-way\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[De Waard et al., 12] De Waard, I., Koutropoulos, A., Hogue, R., Abajian, S., Keskin, N., Rodriguez, C., Gallagher, M.: \u201cMerging MOOC and mLearning for increased learner interactions\u201d. International Journal of Mobile and Blended Learning, 4(4), 34-46. 2012.<\/p>\n<p>[De Santana et al., 12] De Santana, V., De Oliveira, R., Almeida, L., Baranauskas, M.: \u201cWeb accessibility and people with dyslexia: a survey on techniques and guidelines\u201d. In Proc. International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility. 35-47. 2012.<\/p>\n<p>[Diez et al., 11] Diez, E., Alonso, A., Verdugo, M.A., Campo, M., Sancho, I., S\u00e1nchez, S.: \u201cEuropean Higher Education Area: standards and indicators of good practices for the attention of college students with disabilities\u201d. 2011.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/sid.usal.es\/libros\/discapacidad\/26032\/8-1\/espacio-europeo-de-educacionsuperior.aspx\" href=\"http:\/\/sid.usal.es\/libros\/discapacidad\/26032\/8-1\/espacio-europeo-de-educacionsuperior.aspx\">http:\/\/sid.usal.es\/libros\/discapacidad\/26032\/8-1\/espacio-europeo-de-educacionsuperior.aspx<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[DOJ, 15] U.S. Department of Justice: \u201cSettlement agreement between the United States of America and edX Inc. under the Americans with Disabilities Act\u201d. 2015. <a title=\"http:\/\/www.justice.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/opa\/press-releases\/attachments\/2015\/04\/02\/edx_settlement_agreement.pdf\" href=\"http:\/\/www.justice.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/opa\/press-releases\/attachments\/2015\/04\/02\/edx_settlement_agreement.pdf\">http:\/\/www.justice.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/opa\/press-releases\/attachments\/2015\/04\/02\/edx_settlement_agreement.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[edX, 15a] edX: \u201cThe Open edX\u201d. 2015. <a title=\"http:\/\/code.edx.org\/\" href=\"http:\/\/code.edx.org\/\">http:\/\/code.edx.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[edX, 15b] edX: \u201cedX adopted the following website accessibility policy\u201d. 2015.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"https:\/\/www.edx.org\/accessibility\" href=\"https:\/\/www.edx.org\/accessibility\">https:\/\/www.edx.org\/accessibility<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[edX, 15c] edX: \u201cAccessibility best practices for developing course content\u201d. 2015.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/edx.readthedocs.org\/projects\/edx-partner-course-staff\/en\/latest\/accessibility\/best_practices_course_content_dev.html\" href=\"http:\/\/edx.readthedocs.org\/projects\/edx-partner-course-staff\/en\/latest\/accessibility\/best_practices_course_content_dev.html\">http:\/\/edx.readthedocs.org\/projects\/edx-partner-course-staff\/en\/latest\/accessibility\/best_practices_course_content_dev.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[EU4ALL, 13] EU4ALL: \u201cEuropean Unified Approach for Accessible Lifelong Learning\u201d. 2013. <a title=\"http:\/\/eu4all-project.atosresearch.eu\" href=\"http:\/\/eu4all-project.atosresearch.eu\/\">http:\/\/eu4all-project.atosresearch.eu<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Ferris, 15] Ferris, L.: \u201cThoughts on the MOOC captioning lawsuit\u201d. 2015.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/blog.kaltura.org\/thoughts-mooc-captioning-lawsuit\/\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.kaltura.org\/thoughts-mooc-captioning-lawsuit\/\">http:\/\/blog.kaltura.org\/thoughts-mooc-captioning-lawsuit\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Gaebel, 13] Gaebel, M.: \u201cMOOCs massive open online courses\u201d. European University Association. 2013.<\/p>\n<p>[GAO, 09] U.S. Government Accountability Office: \u201cHigher education and disability, education needs a coordinated approach to improve its assistance to schools\u201d. 2009.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www.gao.gov\/new.items\/d1033.pdf\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gao.gov\/new.items\/d1033.pdf\">http:\/\/www.gao.gov\/new.items\/d1033.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Gentile, 67] Gentile, J.: \u201cThe first generation of computer-assisted instructional systems: an evaluative review\u201d. AV Communication Review, 15(1), 23-53. 1967.<\/p>\n<p>[Githens, 07] Githens, R.: \u201cOlder adults and e-learning: opportunities and barriers\u201d. The Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 8(4), 329\u2013338. 2007.<\/p>\n<p>[gitHub, 15] gitHub: \u201cSites powered by Open edX\u201d. 2015.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"https:\/\/github.com\/edx\/edx-platform\/wiki\/Sites-powered-by-Open-edX\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/edx\/edx-platform\/wiki\/Sites-powered-by-Open-edX\">https:\/\/github.com\/edx\/edx-platform\/wiki\/Sites-powered-by-Open-edX<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[GOC, 11] Government of Canada: \u201cStandard on web accessibility\u201d. 2011.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www.tbs-sct.gc.ca\/pol\/doc-eng.aspx?id=23601\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tbs-sct.gc.ca\/pol\/doc-eng.aspx?id=23601\">http:\/\/www.tbs-sct.gc.ca\/pol\/doc-eng.aspx?id=23601<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Horton and Sloan, 14] Horton, S., Sloan, D.: \u201cAccessibility in practice: a process-driven approach to accessibility\u201d. In Langdon, P., Lazar, J., Heylighen, A., Dong, H. (Eds.), Inclusive designing \u2013 joining usability, accessibility, and inclusion, 105-115. Springer International Publishing. 2014.<\/p>\n<p>[Iniesto and Covadonga, 14] Iniesto, F., Covadonga, R.: \u201cAccessibility assessment of MOOC platforms in Spanish: UNED COMA, COLMENIA and MiriadaX\u201d. In Proc. IEEE International Symposium in Computers in Education, 169-172. 2014.<\/p>\n<p>[Iniesto and Covadonga, 15] Iniesto, F., Covadonga, R.: \u201cAccessible user profile modeling for academic services based on MOOCs\u201d. In Proc. ACM International Conference on Human Computer Interaction. 2015.<\/p>\n<p>[ISO, 12] ISO: \u201cISO 9241-171 Ergonomics of human-system interaction \u2013 Guidance on software accessibility\u201d. 2012.<\/p>\n<p>[Kalyvioti and Mikropoulos, 13] Kalyvioti, K., Mikropoulos, T.: \u201cA virtual reality test for the identification of memory strengths of dyslexic students in higher education\u201d. Journal of Universal Computer Science, 19(18), 2698-2721. 2013.<\/p>\n<p>[Liyanagunawardena and Williams, 16] Liyanagunawardena, T., Williams, S.: \u201cElderly learners and massive open online courses: a review\u201d. Interactive Journal of Medical Research, 5(1), 1-11. 2016.<\/p>\n<p>[Lohman, 15] Lohman, T.: \u201cMobile applications and web accessibility\u201d. 2015.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.accessiq.org\/news\/features\/2015\/02\/mobile-applications-and-web-accessibility\">http:\/\/www.accessiq.org\/news\/features\/2015\/02\/mobile-applications-and-web-accessibility<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[NAD, 15] U.S. National Association of the Deaf: \u201cNAD sues Harvard and MIT for discrimination in public online content\u201d. 2015.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/nad.org\/news\/2015\/2\/nad-sues-harvard-and-mit-discrimination-public-online-content\" href=\"http:\/\/nad.org\/news\/2015\/2\/nad-sues-harvard-and-mit-discrimination-public-online-content\">http:\/\/nad.org\/news\/2015\/2\/nad-sues-harvard-and-mit-discrimination-public-online-content<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[NZG, 13] New Zealand Government: \u201cWeb accessibility standard\u201d. 2013.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"https:\/\/webtoolkit.govt.nz\/standards\/web-accessibility-standard-1-0\/\" href=\"https:\/\/webtoolkit.govt.nz\/standards\/web-accessibility-standard-1-0\/\">https:\/\/webtoolkit.govt.nz\/standards\/web-accessibility-standard-1-0\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Martindale and Wiley, 04] Martindale, T., Wiley, D.: \u201cUsing weblogs in scholarship and teaching\u201d. TechTrends, 49(2), 55-61. 2004.<\/p>\n<p>[Molina, 10] Molina, R.: \u201cHigher education for disabled students\u201d. Research Journal, 34(70), 95-115. 2010.<\/p>\n<p>[Morales, 07] Morales, A.: \u201cWhite book on university and disability\u201d. Grafo S.A Press. 2007.<\/p>\n<p>[Nakata, 14] Nakata, K.: \u201cWCAG 2.0 should not be applied to software and mobile apps\u201d. Criptzone Insight. 2014.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"https:\/\/insight.cryptzone.com\/accessibility\/wcag-2-0-should-not-be-applied-to-software-and-mobile-apps\/\" href=\"https:\/\/insight.cryptzone.com\/accessibility\/wcag-2-0-should-not-be-applied-to-software-and-mobile-apps\/\">https:\/\/insight.cryptzone.com\/accessibility\/wcag-2-0-should-not-be-applied-to-software-and-mobile-apps\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Notess and Lorenzen-Huber, 07] Notess, M., Lorenzen-Huber, L.: \u201cOnline learning for seniors: barriers and opportunities\u201d. eLearn, 2007(5).<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/1266885.1266893\" href=\"http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/1266885.1266893\">http:\/\/doi.acm.org\/10.1145\/1266885.1266893<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[OCR, 13] U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights: \u201cResolution agreement South Carolina Technical College System\u201d. 2013.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/about\/offices\/list\/ocr\/docs\/investigations\/11116002-b.html\" href=\"http:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/about\/offices\/list\/ocr\/docs\/investigations\/11116002-b.html\">http:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/about\/offices\/list\/ocr\/docs\/investigations\/11116002-b.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Rodr\u00edguez-Ascaso and Boticario, 15] Rodr\u00edguez-Ascaso, A., Boticario, J. G.: \u201cAccessibility and MOOCs: towards an integral perspective\u201d. Ibero American Journal of Distance Education, 18(2), 61-85. 2015.<\/p>\n<p>[Sanchez-Gordon and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, 13] Sanchez-Gordon, S., Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S.: \u201cWeb accessibility of MOOCs for elderly students\u201d. In Proc. IEEE International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, 1-6. 2013.<\/p>\n<p>[Sanchez-Gordon and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, 14a]\u00a0 Sanchez-Gordon, S., Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S.:\u00a0 \u201cMOOCs gone wild\u201d. In Proc. International Technology, Education and Development Conference, 1449-1458. 2014.<\/p>\n<p>[Sanchez-Gordon and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, 14b]\u00a0 Sanchez-Gordon, S., Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S.: \u201cWeb accessibility requirements for massive open online courses\u201d. In Proc. International Conference on Quality and Accessibility of Virtual Learning, 530-535. 2014.<\/p>\n<p>[Sanchez-Gordon and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, 15a] Sanchez-Gordon, S., Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S.: \u201cAdaptive content presentation extension for Open edX \u2013 enhancing MOOCs accessibility for users with disabilities\u201d. In Proc. International Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions, 181-183. 2015.<\/p>\n<p>[Sanchez-Gordon et al., 15b] Sanchez-Gordon, S., Calle-Jimenez, T., Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S.: \u201cRelevance of MOOCs for training of public sector employees: enrollment, completion and web accessibility challenges\u201d. In Proc. IEEE International Conference on Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, 1-5. 2015.<\/p>\n<p>[Sanchez-Gordon and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, 15c] Sanchez-Gordon, S., Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S.: \u201cAn ecosystem for corporate training with accessible MOOCs and OERs\u201d. In Proc. IEEE International Conference on MOOCs, Innovation and Technology in Education, 123-128. 2015.<\/p>\n<p>[Sanchez-Gordon and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, 15d] Sanchez-Gordon, S., Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S.: \u201cAccessible blended learning for non-native speakers using MOOCs\u201d. In Proc. IEEE International Conference on Interactive Collaborative and Blended Learning, 19-24. 2015.<\/p>\n<p>[Sanchez-Gordon and Luj\u00e1n-Mora, 16] Sanchez-Gordon, S., Luj\u00e1n-Mora, S: \u201cDesign, implementation and evaluation of MOOCs to improve inclusion of diverse learners\u201d. In R. Mendoza-Gonzalez (Ed.), User-Centered Design Strategies for Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), 115-141. IGI Global. 2016.<\/p>\n<p>[Shah, 14] Shah, D.: \u201cMOOCs in 2014: breaking down the numbers\u201d. edSurge. 2014.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"https:\/\/www.edsurge.com\/news\/2014-12-26-moocs-in-2014-breaking-down-the-numbers\" href=\"https:\/\/www.edsurge.com\/news\/2014-12-26-moocs-in-2014-breaking-down-the-numbers\">https:\/\/www.edsurge.com\/news\/2014-12-26-moocs-in-2014-breaking-down-the-numbers<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Shah, 15] Shah, D.: \u201cMOOCs in 2015: breaking down the numbers\u201d. edSurge. 2015.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"https:\/\/www.edsurge.com\/news\/2015-12-28-moocs-in-2015-breaking-down-the-numbers\" href=\"https:\/\/www.edsurge.com\/news\/2015-12-28-moocs-in-2015-breaking-down-the-numbers\">https:\/\/www.edsurge.com\/news\/2015-12-28-moocs-in-2015-breaking-down-the-numbers<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Singleton, 13] Singleton, K.: \u201cRe-defining accessibility when it comes to MOOCs\u201d. George Mason University. 2013.<\/p>\n<p>http:\/\/eportfolio.kjsingle.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/03\/Accessibility-and-MOOCs_Final.pdf<\/p>\n<p>[Sloan et al., 2010] Sloan, D., Atkinson, M., Machin, C., Li, K.: \u201cThe potential of adaptive interfaces as an accessibility aid for older web users\u201d. In Proc. International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility. 35-45. 2010.<\/p>\n<p>[Smith, 12] Smith, M.: \u201cApplication of the ADA to websites: Congress should rely on the standards created by the World Wide Consortium\u201d. 2012.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/works.bepress.com\/marad_smith\/1\" href=\"http:\/\/works.bepress.com\/marad_smith\/1\">http:\/\/works.bepress.com\/marad_smith\/1<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Stephanidis et al., 98]. Stephanidis, C. et al.: \u201cAdaptable and adaptive user interfaces for disabled users in the AVANTI project\u201d. In Proc. Intelligence in Services and Networks: Technology for Ubiquitous Telecom Services, 153-166. 1998.<\/p>\n<p>[Tsai et al., 14] Tsai, H., Shillair, R., Cotten, S.:\u00a0 \u201cSocial support and playing around: an examination of how older adults acquire digital literacy with tablet computers\u201d.\u00a0 In Proc. Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy. 130-161. 2014.<\/p>\n<p>[United Nations, 08] United Nations: \u201cConvention on the rights of persons with disabilities and optional protocol\u201d. 2008.<\/p>\n<p>[United Nations, 13] United Nations: \u201cWorld population prospects\u201d. 2013.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/esa.un.org\/wpp\/\" href=\"http:\/\/esa.un.org\/wpp\/\">http:\/\/esa.un.org\/wpp\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Vipond and Clarey, 15] Vipond, S., Clarey, J.: \u201cMicrosoft\u00b4s corporate MOOC\u201d. 2015.<\/p>\n<p>[W3C, 99] W3C: \u201cWeaving the web Berners Lee\u201d. 1999.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/People\/Berners-Lee\/Weaving\/glossary.html\" href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/People\/Berners-Lee\/Weaving\/glossary.html\">http:\/\/www.w3.org\/People\/Berners-Lee\/Weaving\/glossary.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[W3C, 08] W3C: \u201cWeb content accessibility guidelines WCAG 2.0\u201d. 2008.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG20\/\" href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG20\/\">http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG20\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[W3C, 09] W3C: \u201cWAI early days\u201d. 2009<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/history\" href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/history\">http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/history<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[W3C, 13] W3C: \u201cGuidance on applying WCAG 2.0 to non-web information and communications technologies WCAG2ICT\u201d. 2013.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/wcag2ict\/\" href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/wcag2ict\/\">http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/wcag2ict\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[W3C, 14a] W3C: \u201cWeb accessibility initiative\u201d. 2014.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/\" href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/\">http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[W3C, 14b] W3C: \u201cWebsite Accessibility Conformance Evaluation Methodology WCAG-EM 1.0\u201d. 2014.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG-EM\/\" href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG-EM\/\">http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/WCAG-EM\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[W3C, 15a] W3C: \u201cAuthoring tool accessibility guidelines ATAG 2.0\u201d. 2015.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/ATAG20\/\" href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/ATAG20\/\">http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/ATAG20\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[W3C, 15b] W3C: \u201cUser agent accessibility guidelines UAAG 2.0\u201d. 2015.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/UAAG20\/\" href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/UAAG20\/\">http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/UAAG20\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[W3C, 15c] W3C: \u201cWAI guidelines and techniques\u201d. 2015.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/guid-tech.html\" href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/guid-tech.html\">http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/guid-tech.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[W3C, 15d] W3C: \u201cWAI guidelines and techniques for mobile accessibility\u201d. 2015.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/mobile\/\">http:\/\/www.w3.org\/WAI\/mobile\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[W3C, 15e] W3C: \u201cMobile accessibility: how WCAG 2.0 and other W3C\/WAI guidelines apply to mobile\u201d. 2015.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/mobile-accessibility-mapping\/\" href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/mobile-accessibility-mapping\/\">http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/mobile-accessibility-mapping\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[WHO, 11] World Health Organization: \u201cWord Report on Disability\u201d. 2011.<\/p>\n<p><a title=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/disabilities\/world_report\/2011\/en\/\" href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/disabilities\/world_report\/2011\/en\/\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/disabilities\/world_report\/2011\/en\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[Young, 14] Young H.: \u201cPutting the U in MOOCs. The importance of usability in course design\u201d. In Krause, S., and Lowe, C. (Eds.), Invasion of the MOOCs \u2013 the promises and perils of massive open online courses, 167-179. Parlor Press. 2014.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Appears in: Journal of Universal Computer Science J.UCS Pages:\u00a055-81 Publication year:\u00a02016 ISBN:\u00a0\u00a00948-695X. ISSN online: 0948-6968 Special Issue:\u00a0Future Trends in Computing Technology in Education Date: January [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":142,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/sandrasanchez.blog.epn.edu.ec\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/346"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/sandrasanchez.blog.epn.edu.ec\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/sandrasanchez.blog.epn.edu.ec\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sandrasanchez.blog.epn.edu.ec\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/142"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sandrasanchez.blog.epn.edu.ec\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=346"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/sandrasanchez.blog.epn.edu.ec\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/346\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":348,"href":"http:\/\/sandrasanchez.blog.epn.edu.ec\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/346\/revisions\/348"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/sandrasanchez.blog.epn.edu.ec\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=346"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sandrasanchez.blog.epn.edu.ec\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=346"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/sandrasanchez.blog.epn.edu.ec\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=346"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}